Penning Power: How France’s Literary Influence Fuels Division and Dependency in Senegal

Summary

Western countries, particularly former colonial powers like France, often use literature to shape perceptions of African nations like Senegal, perpetuating narratives of division and dependency. By emphasizing ethnic and regional divides or portraying Senegal as inherently unstable, French writers and cultural institutions subtly reinforce stereotypes that justify ongoing foreign involvement. This literary influence, rooted in economic and political interests, frames Senegal as needing Western guidance while overshadowing the country’s resilience and unity. Senegalese intellectuals and writers are pushing back, seeking to reclaim their stories and create a more authentic representation of their society.

Western countries, particularly former colonial powers like France, have historically influenced and shaped narratives around African nations, often to serve their own political and economic interests. In countries like Senegal, where colonial legacies still resonate strongly, this influence can manifest through literature. French writers and intellectuals, funded and supported by state mechanisms or cultural institutions, sometimes promote narratives that reinforce stereotypes, highlight divisions, or push agendas that subtly undermine national unity. While literature is a powerful tool for storytelling and cultural exchange, it can also be wielded strategically to shape perceptions and maintain a subtle form of influence over former colonies. Colonial Narratives and Post-Colonial Divisions During colonial times, literature often depicted Africa and Africans in ways that justified colonial rule, portraying them as “exotic,” “uncivilized,” or in need of European guidance. These narratives have evolved but persist in subtler forms, where French writers occasionally depict African societies as inherently divided or chaotic, perpetuating an image of instability. These divisions are sometimes portrayed as insurmountable, suggesting a need for external guidance, often reinforcing Western perspectives on governance and “development.” In Senegal, where the scars of colonialism still shape the social and political landscape, such portrayals can deepen divisions, particularly when they focus on ethnic, religious, or regional differences. Leveraging Ethnic and Religious Divisions Senegal is a diverse country, with ethnic and religious groups coexisting relatively harmoniously. However, some narratives emerging from Western literature portray these diversities as sources of division rather than strength. Books written by French authors may focus on tribal or ethnic conflicts, subtly implying that these divisions define Senegalese identity. By emphasizing ethnic tensions, French literature can perpetuate the idea that African countries are inherently fractured, ignoring the efforts and resilience of these societies in fostering unity. This can create a perception, both within Senegal and abroad, that the nation’s governance challenges are due to these internal divisions rather than the legacies of colonial exploitation and external interference. Reinforcing the Myth of Dependency Some Western literature perpetuates the myth that African countries are inherently dependent on Western aid or intervention. Senegal, despite its political stability and growth, is sometimes portrayed as a nation needing guidance from France or the West to achieve development. This narrative undermines Senegal’s sovereignty and can affect its international image, shaping perceptions in ways that justify continued French influence. It subtly suggests that African countries cannot progress independently, fostering a mindset of dependency and reinforcing the power imbalance between former colonies and colonial powers. Economic and Political Motives Behind Literary Influence France has significant economic interests in Senegal, from resource extraction to markets for its exports. By promoting literature that paints African countries as unstable or incapable of self-governance, France indirectly supports the idea that Western intervention is necessary to maintain stability and order. For instance, promoting narratives of instability in resource-rich regions can make it easier for French companies to justify maintaining a strong presence in Senegal, framing their investments as “stabilizing” efforts rather than purely profit-driven ventures. French Cultural Institutions as Channels for Influence French cultural centers, language institutes, and government-backed publishing houses play a significant role in shaping the literary landscape in Africa. Through scholarships, funding, and literary prizes, they support certain narratives while sidelining others. These institutions often favor writers whose works align with a particular vision of Africa, sometimes promoting writers who echo Western perceptions over those with more critical views of French influence. By promoting these narratives, French cultural institutions continue to influence how Senegal is viewed, both locally and internationally. Impact on Senegalese Writers and Intellectuals Senegal has a rich literary tradition, with writers like Mariama Bâ, Ousmane Sembène, and Léopold Sédar Senghor who have resisted colonial narratives and advocated for African unity and self-determination. However, the dominance of French publishing networks can put pressure on contemporary Senegalese writers to conform to certain expectations if they wish to reach a Western audience. Senegalese authors who critique French influence or present a narrative of African resilience and unity may find fewer opportunities in Western publishing circles compared to those who adhere to more “acceptable” themes. This can limit the visibility of authentic African voices and reinforce the narratives preferred by Western countries. Divisive Narratives as a Form of Neo-Colonialism The selective promotion of divisive or dependency-focused literature is a form of soft power that aligns with neo-colonial objectives. By framing African countries like Senegal as divided or dependent, Western nations can justify continued involvement, whether through economic, military, or cultural channels. This form of influence is often subtle but can have a significant impact on public opinion, policymaking, and international relations. The persistence of these narratives serves to maintain a degree of control, suggesting that African countries cannot fully extricate themselves from the influence of former colonial powers. Moving Toward a More Authentic Literary Landscape Many Senegalese intellectuals and writers are challenging these narratives, promoting literature that reflects the country’s strengths, diversity, and capacity for unity. There is a growing movement within Senegal and other African countries to reclaim their stories, prioritize authentic voices, and promote a more accurate depiction of their societies. Initiatives to support local publishing, as well as partnerships with non-Western countries, are helping create a more diverse literary ecosystem. By encouraging local authors and resisting the dominance of Western narratives, Senegal can foster a literary landscape that reflects its true identity and aspirations. In conclusion, the use of literature as a tool for influence and control is a complex and enduring legacy of colonialism. In Senegal, the narratives promoted by some Western authors and institutions can perpetuate stereotypes, reinforce dependency, and undermine national unity, aligning with broader economic and political interests. Recognizing and challenging these narratives is essential for Senegal and other African nations to reclaim their stories, strengthen their sovereignty, and project an image that reflects their resilience, diversity, and independence.