Stolen Heritage: Why are African artifacts everywhere but Africa?

Imagine you make a new friend, and when you step into their home, you notice something unsettling: the walls are covered with your family’s photos and heirlooms, passed down for generations. You’re outraged and demand them back, but your friend insists they must keep and display these artifacts because they are important historical relics. Does this sound familiar? This scenario echoes how Western museums treat African artifacts — as if they have the right to keep stolen treasures under the guise of historical preservation. Through colonialism, African countries faced extreme violence, with many losing their freedom and lives. This colonial legacy is sustained today by Western nations that proudly exhibit stolen artifacts—tangible reminders of their colonial past. An estimated 90% of Sub-Saharan Africa's cultural objects are held outside the continent. Europe has the largest collection of these items, including masks, sculptures, ceremonial garments, jewelry, and toys, many obtained illegally. Among the most infamous examples is the Rosetta Stone—a crucial artifact in understanding ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics. Discovered by the French in 1799 and later seized by the British, it has remained in the British Museum since 1802, despite Egypt's repeated requests for its return. Thankfully, some progress is being made. As pressure grows, Western institutions have started to return stolen artifacts. For instance, over 1,000 Benin Bronzes were repatriated to Nigeria, restoring a vital part of its history. These bronze relics, crafted between the 15th and 19th centuries, are emblematic of Nigeria's rich artistic heritage, and their return marks a significant step toward reconciliation. Similarly, in April 2024, the UK agreed to return 32 gold and silver artifacts to Ghana, taken over 150 years ago from the Asante King during colonial conflicts. Despite this gesture, the British Museum Act of 1963 mandates that these treasures only be loaned to Ghana for six years before returning to British institutions, showcasing how Western control over African heritage still persists, even in attempts at restitution. Many African artifacts remain in Western museums. These pieces are more than just works of art; they embody cultural, spiritual, and historical significance. Their absence leaves a void in Africa's collective identity and memory. TED Fellow Jim Chuchu aptly put it: “There can be no collective identity without collective memory.” It is a dangerous misconception that African history began with colonialism and slavery. This false narrative erases a rich and vibrant heritage that existed long before colonial contact. Viewing stolen artifacts in museums as mere objects of curiosity only reinforces this fabricated history and disconnects African people from their rightful legacy. To begin the process of healing, Western institutions must not only return stolen artifacts but also properly acknowledge the stories these items hold.